Koreas exchanged artillery fire: Why now?

The exchange of fire took place on an island very close to the disputed border

North and South Korea have exchanged artillery fire across the disputed western maritime border. Let us look at what might have triggered the incident.

Power transfer

Some analysts believe that provocative acts by North Korea are closely linked to the leadership transfer underway inside the country. Kim Jong-il - who is believed to be in poor health - is thought to be in the process of trying to hand over power to his designated successor, his son Kim Jong-un.

In September North Korea's ruling party held a rare congress in which the younger Kim was given key roles in the party and the Central Military Commission.

Analysts say incidents such as the sinking of the Cheonan warship in March and the recent artillery firing are unlikely to be rogue actions by the North Korean military. Rather they are aimed at bolstering Kim Jong-un's standing.

Nuclear deadlock

North Korea has in the past sought to raise tensions as a way of strengthening its negotiating position, particularly in relation to the nuclear issue.

Six-party talks involving the US, China, Russia, Japan and the two Koreas aimed at ending North Korea's nuclear programme have been stalled since April 2009. Pyongyang agreed in 2005 to abandon its nuclear ambitions in return for aid and political concessions. But the deal fell apart over the issue of verification - and in particular over whether or not North Korea had a uranium enrichment programme, in addition to its plutonium programme.

In November 2010 North Korea revealed a modern uranium enrichment facility equipped with more than 1,000 centrifuges to a visiting top US scientist. US official said they were stunned at the scale of the facility but not at all surprised that it existed.

Hours before the artillery fire incident occurred America's top envoy on North Korea, Stephen Bosworth, said that the US could not "contemplate resuming negotiations while active programmes are under way".

Military exercises

Communications have traditionally been fraught between the North and South Korean militaries and the two have clashed on numerous occasions in the past, particularly in the tense western border area.

South Korea recognises the Northern Limit Line, drawn unilaterally by the US-led United Nations Command to demarcate the seas border at the end of the Korean War - but North Korea does not.

South Korea says the shelling began after North Korea sent several messages protesting against military exercises being staged near the island, which lies 3km (two miles) from the disputed maritime border.

South Korea began an annual military exercise in the area on Monday and when the shelling started a navy drill, Yonhap news agency said.

Aid woes

The South Korean president's stance on economic aid has led to a marked deterioration in relations between the two sides.

Since Lee Myung-bak took office in 2008, the flow of aid has fallen to a trickle. He says that the provision of aid must be linked to progress on denuclearisation.

North Korea relies on aid to feed its people and under Mr Lee's predecessor, Roh Moo-hyun, received regular cross-border shipments - so the move has hit hard.

North Korea has also been hit by flooding in recent years, damaging harvests, and both United Nations and US sanctions continue to bite, leaving its economy in chaos.

Sabre-rattling

North Korea wants both economic aid and the attention of the US - and has in recent weeks called for nuclear talks to resume, albeit on its terms.

The country has in the past used high-profile actions such as missile launches to position itself higher on the international agenda and refocus attention on it.